Lanthanoids

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 * Element || Symbol || Appearance || Atomic # || Atomic Mass || # of protons || # of valence electron/s || # of shells || Melting point || Atomic Radius || Discovery Date ||
 * Terbium || Tb || Silvery white || 65 || 159 || 65 || 2 || 6 || 1356C || 177pm || 1843 ||
 * Dysprosium || Dy || Silvery white || 66 || 163 || 66 || 2 || 6 || 1407C || 178pm || 1886 ||
 * Holmium || Ho || Silvery white || 67 || 165 || 67 || 2 || 6 || 1461C || 176pm || 1878 ||
 * Ersium || Er || Silvery white || 68 || 167 || 68 || 2 || 6 || 1529C || 176pm || 1843 ||
 * Thulium || Tm || Silvery white || 69 || 169 || 69 || 2 || 6 || 1545C || 176pm || 1879 ||
 * Ytterbium || Yb || Silvery white || 70 || 173 || 70 || 2 || 6 || 824C || 176pm || 1907 ||
 * Lutetium || Lu || Silvery white || 71 || 175 || 71 || 1 || 6 || 1652C || 174pm || 1907 ||
 * Terbium || Tb || Silvery white || 65 || 159 || 65 || 2 || 6 || 1356C || 177pm || 1843 ||
 * Dysprosium || Dy || Silvery white || 66 || 163 || 66 || 2 || 6 || 1407C || 178pm || 1886 ||
 * Holmium || Ho || Silvery white || 67 || 165 || 67 || 2 || 6 || 1461C || 176pm || 1878 ||
 * Ersium || Er || Silvery white || 68 || 167 || 68 || 2 || 6 || 1529C || 176pm || 1843 ||
 * Thulium || Tm || Silvery white || 69 || 169 || 69 || 2 || 6 || 1545C || 176pm || 1879 ||
 * Ytterbium || Yb || Silvery white || 70 || 173 || 70 || 2 || 6 || 824C || 176pm || 1907 ||
 * Lutetium || Lu || Silvery white || 71 || 175 || 71 || 1 || 6 || 1652C || 174pm || 1907 ||

**__ Terbium (Tb) __**

Terbium was discovered by a Swedish chemist named Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1843. He noticed the impurity of a white solid substance, Yttrium oxide (Y2O3). Terbium is named after a village in Sweden. It is classified under Lanthanide as a “Rare Earth Elements”. However, Carl Gustaf Mosander was only able to separate the fractional precipitation with hydroxide ammonia. Jean Charles Galissard was able to separate the precipitates well. It is the fourteenth out of seventeen most “rare-earths”. It is so rare that only 0.9ppm (about 1 teaspoon in each 63 tons of earth) can be found in the earth’s crust. But the term “rare-earths” has misled many people. Terbium can be found more common than silver and mercury. “Rare-earth” actually means that it is very difficult to separate from the other element/s it is will and that it is rarely used. ** Uses of Terbium ** Terbium has a wide variety of uses. Some of Terbium’s main uses of are:  Terbium is used with ZrO2 for making fuel cells and it works as a crystal stabilizer. Terbium fuel cells are good because it can function at a very temperature.  Terbium is used to manufacture as a part of different metals mixed together.  Terbium can be found in various substances which can be found in some electronic devices. Terbium can be found in substances like calcium tungstates, calcium fluoride and strontium molybdate. It is used in these electronic devices because terbium’s behaviour resembles calcium’s behaviour.

** Some of the compounds form with Terbium are: ** · Terbium oxide: TbO2- Terbium oxide is used in “green” phosphors which is found in TV tubes. The mixture of terbium and phosphors gives off a yellow coloured light. It is used in TV tubes to make the colour on the television screen clearer. This mixture is can also be found in x-ray screens and fluorescent lamps.  ** Some facts about Terbium **   The easiest and the most effective method of extracting terbium from the mineral it is in is ion exchange.   Terbium is very soft and it can be cut with a knife.   Terbium can be burnt very easily in the air and it produces terbium oxide.
 *  Terbium difluoride: TbF2
 *  Terbium trifluoride: TbF3
 *  Terbium tetrafluoride: TbF4
 *  Terbium trichloride: TbCl3
 *  Terbium triiodide: TbI3
 *  Diterbium trioxide: Tb2O3
 *  Diterbium trisulphide: Tb2S3
 *  Diterbium triselenide: Tb2Se3
 *  Terbium nitride: TbN

 **__ Dysprosium (Dy) __**  Dysprosium is never found naturally as a free element. It is always found in minerals like xenotime. Dysprosium was discovered by a French chemist, Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886 but it was not pure until the invention of ion exchange in the 1950s. Georges Urbain successfully extracted dysprosium in 1906. Dysprosium is a very reactive metal and the most common use of it is in nuclear research. Now, dysprosium is mainly taken from monazite sand and bastnasite using ion exchange.  **<span style="background: white; border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Uses of Dysprosium ** <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: left;">There are only a few Dysprosium uses. <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left; text-indent: -21pt;"> <span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"> <span style="background: white; border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Dysprosium is used to make CD disks  <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left; text-indent: -21pt;"> <span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"> <span style="background: white; border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">It is also used to construct laser materials with the combination of other earth and vanadium (V)   <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left; text-indent: -21pt;"> <span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"> <span style="background: white; border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Dysprosium is used in nuclear control applications to alloy with the metals because of its high melting point and its ability to absorb neutrons. ** Some of the compounds form with Terbium is: ** <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"> ** Some facts about Dysprosium ** <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">  This element is named Dysprosium from Greek // dysprositos //, and the definition of it is: ‘hard to get’. Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran had more than 30 tries to detach dysprosium from the other elements it was with, but he was only able to separate dysprosium from its oxide.
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Dysprosium trifluoride: DyF3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Dysprosium dichloride: DyCl2
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Dysprosium trichloride: DyCl3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Dysprosium tribromide: DyBr3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Dysprosium diiodide: DyI2
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Dysprosium triiodide: DyI3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Didysprosium trioxide: Dy2O3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Didysprosium trisulphide: Dy2S3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Didysprosium triselenide: Dy2Se3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Dysprosium nitride: DyN
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Dysprosium titanate (Dy2Ti2O7)
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Dysprosium(III) chloride (DyCl3)
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Dysprosium Oxide (Dy2O3)

<span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"> **__ Holmium (Ho) __**

<span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"> **<span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Uses of Holmium ** <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"><span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; display: block; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"> Due to its strong magnetic properties, Holmium is used to create false generated magnetic fields because it has magnetic properties. Other matters it can be used for are:

<span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"> <span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">It is also used in nuclear control rods because holmium can absorb nuclear fission. <span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"> <span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Holmium can also be used in solid state lasers which are found in microwave equipment, which can be found in medical and dental equipments <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"> <span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"> <span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">It can be found in a laser which is used to break down kidney stones  <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"> <span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"> <span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Holmium oxide can be used to make the colour yellow or peach in jewellery, depending on the light source. ** Some of the compounds form with Terbium is: **


 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Holmium trifluoride: HoF3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Holmium trichloride: HoCl3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Holmium triiodide: HoI3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Diholmium trioxide: Ho2O3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Diholmium trisulphide: Ho2S3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Diholmium triselenide: Ho2Se3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Holmium nitride: HoN

<span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"> ** Some facts about Holmium ** <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">   The colour of holmium changes depending on the lighting conditions. In daylight, the colour of holmium is yellow in colour. If it is put under trichromatic light (a special kind of light), it appears to be a fiery orange red colour. <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">  When Holmium is combined with yttrium, it becomes a strong magnetic compound. <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"> **__ Erbium (Er) __** <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"> Erbium was discovered in a village in Sweden called Ytterby by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1843. Erbium was found in a mineral ore gadolinite. Carl Gustaf Mosander took out three substances from the mineral and named them Yttria, Erbia and Terbia. He then extracted erbium together with terbium. Erbium can be found in a variety of mineral ores. It was until 1905 that a fairly pure substance of erbium was being isolated. It is mostly extracted from xenotime and euxenite using the ion exchange method.

<span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"> **<span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Uses of Erbium ** <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"> When it is separated from the mineral ores, it can be used in the industry in many different ways <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left; text-indent: -21pt;">   Erbium alloyed with vanadium can make the metal softer and it will be easier to use and work because it is very stable at room temperature. <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left; text-indent: -21pt;">  Erbium also can be used in the nuclear power industry because it absorbs neutrons. <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left; text-indent: -21pt;">  Erbium are also presented in fibre optic cables which strengthens the signal   <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left; text-indent: -21pt;">   Erbium is found in photographic filter   <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left; text-indent: -21pt;">   The compound, erbium oxide, which is pink in colour, is used to colour glasses, which is often used in sunglasses and cheap jewellery. ** Some of the compounds form with Erbium is: **


 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Erbium trihydride: ErH3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Erbium trifluoride: ErF3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Erbium trichloride: ErCl3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Erbium trichloride hexahydrate: ErCl3.6H2O
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Erbium triiodide: ErI3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Dierbium trioxide: Er2O3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Erbium sulphide: ErS
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Dierbium trisulphide: Er2S3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Dierbium triselenide: Er2Se3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Erbium telluride: ErTe
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Dierbium tritelluride: Er2Te3
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Erbium nitride: ErN
 * <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"> Dierbium disulphate octahydrate: Er2(SO4)2.8H2O


 * Some facts about Erbium **

<span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: left;">Discovered by a Swedish chemist called Per Teodor Cleve in 1879, the rare thulium was found in the oxides of other rare earth elements. This method was used by Carl Gustaf Mosander to find rare earth elements. Thulium was really rare that the early researchers did not have enough of the substance to purify it successfully. Charles James was the first to find the nearly purified thulium. Today, thulium is mainly extracted from monazite sand. Metallic thulium is quite expensive and it has only become available recently. <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"> **<span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Uses of Thulium ** <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"> <span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: left;">Thulium has few important uses. Some of the uses are: <span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"> <span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Thulium is used in portable X-ray equipments and in solid-state lasers because work well at high temperature and it needs less time to cool. <span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"> <span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Thulium is also found in magnetic ceramic materials which are in microwave equipments <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"> ** Some of the compounds form with Thulium is: ** <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"> ** Some facts about Thulium ** <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">- Monazite sand, a substance which is rich in rare earth elements can only contain up to at the maximum 0.007% thulium **__ Ytterbium (Yb) __** Ytterbium was found by Jean Charles Galisssard de Marignac in 1878. He discovered that erbia contained two components. He then named one ytterbia and the other one still had the name erbia. In 1907, a French chemist, Georges Urbain managed to separate ytterbium into two new elements. He named it ytterbium and lutetium. In the end, Marignac is credited for discovering ytterbium. <span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: left;">**<span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Uses of Ytterbium ** <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">- Ytterbium is used to improve the properties of stainless steel. It improves the strength, grain refinement and other mechanical materials of it. <span style="display: block; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">- Like the other rare earth elements, ytterbium is also used in lasers. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">- It is also found in portable X-ray machines where electricity is not available. It acts as a radiation source substitution. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: left;">** Some of the compounds form with Ytterbium is: **
 * __ Thulium (Tm) __**
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;">Thulium trifluoride: TmF3
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;">Thulium trichloride heptahydrate: TmCl3.7H2O
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;">Thulium dichloride: TmCl2
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;">Thulium trichloride: TmCl3
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;">Thulium tribromide: TmBr3
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;">Thulium diiodide: TmI2
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;">Thulium triiodide: TmI3
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;">Dithulium trioxide: Tm2O3
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;">Dithulium trisulphide: Tm2S3


 * Ytterbium difluoride: YbF2
 * Ytterbium trifluoride: YbF3
 * Ytterbium dichloride: YbCl2
 * Ytterbium trichloride: YbCl3
 * Ytterbium tribromide: YbBr3
 * Ytterbium diiodide: YbI2
 * Ytterbium triiodide: YbI3
 * Diytterbium trioxide: Yb2O3
 * Diytterbium trisulphide: Yb2S3
 * Ytterbium selenide: YbSe
 * Diytterbium triselenide: Yb2Se3
 * Ytterbium telluride: YbTe
 * Ytterbium trichloride hexahydrate: YbCl3.6H2O
 * Diytterbium trisulphate octahydrate: Yb2(SO4)3.8H2O

<span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: left;">**__ Lutetium (Lu) __** Lutetium was discovered with ytterbium in 1907 at the same time by Georges Urbain, Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach and Charles James. All these chemists found that ytterbia was an impure substance. The honour of discovering lutetium went to Georges Urbain as he described the separation of lutetium from the first ytterbium (which was described by Marignac as lutetium and ytterbium combined together). Lutetium is amongst one of the elements which are really hard to prepare and it has no large scale practical uses. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: left;">**<span style="border-bottom: black 1pt; border-left: black 1pt; border-right: black 1pt; border-top: black 1pt; color: black; font-size: 11pt; layout-grid-mode: line; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Uses of Lutetium **

<span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: left;">Lutetium is very rare and expensive so it has not much uses. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -21pt;">  Lutetium’s radioactive isotopes (atoms that consists of an irregular number of neutrons) are used in the cracking of the oil products and in some hydrogenation and polymerization processes. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: left;">** Some of the compounds form with Lutetium are: **


 * Lutetium trifluoride: LuF3
 * Lutetium trichloride: LuCl3
 * Lutetium triiodide: LuI3
 * Dilutetium trioxide: Lu2O3
 * Dilutetium trisulphide: Lu2S3
 * Dilutetium tritelluride: Lu2Te3
 * Dilutetium trinitride: LuN
 * Dilutetium trisulphate octahydrate: Lu2(SO4)3.8H2O

** Some facts about Lutetium ** Lutetium has the highest melting point out of all the lanthanide

**__ Bibliography __**  J.K. Barbalace, 1995, //Periodic Table of Elements//, date accessed October 13, 2010, < [] >.  2005, //The Element Terbium//, date accessed October 14, 2010, <[]>.  B.Mukherjee, 2010, //Terbium Facts//, date accessed October 16, 2010, <[]>.  M.Winter, 1993, //Terbium Compounds//, The University of Sheffield, date accessed October 16, 2010, <[]>.  M.Winter, 1993, //Dysprosium: uses//, The University of Sheffield, date accessed October 16, 2010, < []>.  2010, //Holmium//, Wikipedia, date accessed 16 October, 2010, < []>.  Alison, 2008, //The chemical element erbium//, Bukisa, date accessed 16 October, 2010, <[]>.  2010, //Erbium//, Wikipedia, date accessed 16 October, 2010, <[]>. <span style="display: block; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -21pt;">  S.Gagnon, //The Element Thulium//, Jefferson Lab, date accessed 16 October, 2010, < []>.