Transition+metals+11+and+12

=Transition metals 11 and 12 = By: Vi Vo 208121

Excel Spreadsheet: (above from left to right) copper, silver, gold, roentgenium, cadmim, zinc, mercury.
 * Element || Symbol || Appearance || Atomic # || Atomic Mass || # of proton's || # of valence electron/s || # of shells || Melting point || Atomic Radius || Discovery Date ||
 * Copper || Cu || red/orange matallic luster || 29 || 63.546 amu || 29 || 29 || 4 || 1083.0 °C || 128 pm || Known to the ancients ||
 * Silver || Ag || lustrous white metal || 47 || 107.8682 amu || 47 || 47 || 5 || 961.93 °C || 144 pm || Known to the ancients ||
 * Gold || Au || metallic yellow || 79 || 196.96655 amu || 79 || 79 || 6 || 1064.43 °C || 144 pm || circa 3000 BC ||
 * Roentgenium || Rg || unknown || 111 || 272 amu || 111 || 111 || 7 || N/A || N/A || December 8, 1994 ||
 * Cadmium || Cd || silvery gray metallic || 48 || 112.411 amu || 48 || 48 || 5 || 31.07 °C || 151 pm || 1817 ||
 * Zinc || Zn || silvery gray || 30 || 65.39 amu || 30 || 30 || 4 || 419.58 °C || 134 pm || 1746 ||
 * Mercury || Hg || silvery || 80 || 200.59 amu || 80 || 80 || 6 || -38.87 °C || 1151 pm || Known to the ancients ||
 * 1. Can you see any trends in the information collected?? ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * As you go down the group the atomic number, atomic mass and everthing else increase in numbers. ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * 2. How are the elements of this family the same?? ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * The elements of this family are the same because they are all solids. ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * 3. How are the elements of this family different?? ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * The elements of this family are differnt because they are all different in colour and their melting points are differnt and their number of proton's, electrons nad shell is differnt. ||
 * __images of the elements:__**

__ ** Common compounds these elements form. ** __

** Copper: ** Copper fluoride : CuF Copper difluoride : CuF2 Copper chloride : CuCl Copper dichloride : CuCl2 Copper dichloride dihydrate : CuCl2.2H2O Copper dibromide : CuBr2 Copper iodide : CuI Copper oxide : CuO Dicopper oxide : Cu2O Copper sulphide : CuS Dicopper sulphide : Cu2S Copper selenide : CuSe Dicopper selenide : Cu2Se Copper telluride : CuTe Dicopper telluride : Cu2Te Tricopper diphosphate trihydrate : Cu3(PO4)2.3H2O Copper sulphate pentahydrate : CuSO4.5H2O

** Silver: ** Silver fluoride : AgF Silver difluoride : AgF2 Disilver fluoride : Ag2F Silver chloride : AgCl Silver bromide : AgBr Silver iodide : AgI Silver oxide : AgO Disilver oxide : Ag2O Disilver sulphide : Ag2S Disilver selenide : Ag2Se Disilver telluride : Ag2Te

** Gold: ** Gold trifluoride : AuF3 Gold pentafluoride : AuF5 Gold chloride : AuCl Digold hexachloride : [AuCl3]2 Tetragold octachloride : Au4Cl8 Gold bromide : AuBr Digold hexabromide : [AuBr3]2 Gold iodide : AuI Gold triiodide : AuI3 Digold trioxide : Au2O3 Digold sulphide : Au2S Digold trisulphide : Au2S3 Gold selenide : AuSe Digold triselenide : Au2Se3 Gold ditelluride : AuTe2

** Roentgenium: ** No Compounds.

** Cadmium: ** Cadmium dihydride : CdH2 Cadmium difluoride : CdF2 Cadmium dichloride : CdCl2 Cadmium diiodide : CdI2 Cadmium oxide : CdO Cadmium peroxide : CdO2 Cadmium sulphide : CdS Cadmium selenide : CdSe Cadmium telluride : CdTe Tricadmium dinitride : Cd3N2

** Zinc: ** Zinc dihydride: ZnH2 Zinc difluoride: ZnF2 Zinc dichloride: ZnCl2 Zinc dibromide: ZnBr2 Zinc diiodide: ZnI2 Zinc oxide: ZnO Zinc peroxide: ZnO2 Zinc sulphide : ZnS Zinc selenide: ZnSe Zinc telluride: ZnTe Trizinc dinitride: Zn3N2 Hexaaquozinc dinitrate: Zn(NO3)2.6H2O Zinc sulphate heptahydrate: ZnSO4.7H2O

** Mercury: ** Mercury dihydride : HgH2 Mercury difluoride : HgF2 Dimercury difluoride : Hg2F2 Mercury dichloride : HgCl2 Dimercury dichloride : Hg2Cl2 Dimercury dibromide : Hg2Br2 Mercury diiodide : HgI2 Dimercury diiodide : Hg2I2 Mercury oxide : HgO Dimercury oxide : Hg2O Mercury sulphide : HgS Mercury selenide : HgSe Mercury telluride : HgTe Dimercury dinitrate dihydrate : Hg2(NO3)2.2H2O

__** Uses of these elements: **__

Copper:
 * wire
 * coinage metal
 * copper compounds such as Fehling's solution are widely used in analytical chemistry in tests for sugar
 * the electrical industry is one of the largest users of copper
 * copper sulphate is used as an agricultural poison, and water purifier

Silver:
 * Sterling silver is used for jewellery, silverware, etc. where appearance is paramount. This alloy contains 92.5% silver, the remainder is copper or some other metal
 * photography (AgBr)
 * dental alloys
 * solder and brazing alloys
 * electrical contacts
 * high capacity silver-zinc and silver-cadmium batteries
 * silver paints are used for making printed circuits
 * used in mirror production and may be deposited on glass or metals by chemical deposition, electrodeposition, or by evaporation. When freshly deposited, it is the best reflector of visible light known, but it rapidly tarnishes and loses much of its reflectance
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">the iodide is used to seeding clouds to produce rain
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">the nitrate, (lunar caustic) is used extensively in photography
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">coinage metal

Gold: Roentgenium:
 * Gold has been used for centuries for jewellery and decoration. In addition to the more familiar rings, brooches, necklaces, and ear rings, gold is used as gold leaf for decoration and protection, screen printing (directly on to bone china, earthenware, porcelain, and glass surfaces or decals).
 * Gold is the key component for "liquid gold", preparations containing up to 12% gold ideal for decorative application using brushes and gold pastes used for screen printing.
 * As only a very small amount of roentgenium have ever been made, roentgenium has no uses.

Cadmium:

Zinc:
 * Rather like zinc, cadmium is used to a small extent as coatings (often achieved by electroplating) to protect metals such as iron. Its use is restricted because of environmental concerns. The metal is a component of some specialist alloys including solders and alloys with low coefficients of friction and good fatigue resistance. Cadmium is a component of Ni-Cd batteries. Cadmium is used in some control rods and shields within nuclear reactors.
 * Cadmium is used in black and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for colour TV tubes. Some semiconductors contain cadmium. The sulphide (CdS) is used as a yellow pigment. Some compounds are used as stabilizers for PVC.

<span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"> Mercury:
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">The alloy brass contains copper and anywhere from 20-45% of zinc, depending upon the type of brass. Brass is esy to work and is a good electrical conductor. Substitutes for brass are sometimes preferred because of the price of copper and these alloys also contain zinc. Zinc alloys with many other metals. Nickel silver, typewriter metal, commercial bronze, spring brass, soft solder, and aluminum solder all contain zinc.
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">A large proportion of all zinc, perhaps more than a third, is used used to galvanize metals such as iron so as to prevent corrosion. Typically this involves dipping the object to be coated in molten zinc for a short time but electroplating or paining methods are also used. Zinc protects any exposed iron sacrificially because of the relative positions of znc and iron in the electrochemical series.
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Zinc metal is used for dry batteries, roof cladding, and to protect iron structures from corrosion by attaching zinc as sacrifical anodes. Zinc metal is also used in lightweight coins (for instance, USA and Canadian one cent coins are zinc coated with bronze plate)
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">The oxide (ZnO) is used in the manufacture of paints, rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, floor coverings, plastics, printing inks, soap, textiles, electrical equipment, and other products. It is also used in ointments.
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">The sulphide (ZnS) is used in making luminous dials, X-ray and TV screens, paints (relkatively non-toxic) and fluorescent lights.
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Mercury is used in laboratories for making thermometers, barometers, diffusion pumps, and many other instruments. It is used for mercury switches and other electrical apparatus. It is used as an electrode in some types of electrolysis and for making batteries (mercury cells).
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Gaseous mercury is used in mercury-vapour lamps and advertising signs. Mercury is important in some types of industry, for instance for caustic soda and chlorine production. It is used for making some pesticides and antifouling paint. Mercury is also the basis of dental amalgams and preparations.

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